Mesothelioma is a fatal disease that can severely affect the health conditions of a person. This is a severe type of cancer. a person has to check out the status of malignant Mesothelioma for the correct treatment of this disease. one has to consider this cancer according to the place of the infection.
Some cases pertaining to this particular disease are highly complex, when one relates the disease to the age of the particular person. The cancer may or may not be severe depending upon the intensity of Mesothelioma in that person. in simple words, this disease depends on the extent of contraction in the body of the person.
Cancer cells vary highly. Thus, the detection of the cancer cells including malignant Mesothelioma is difficult. in most cases, one may not detect Mesothelioma cancer in the early stages resulting in its highly improbable treatment.
The behavior of these cancer cells is quite different in different cases. in Mesothelioma cancer, the person?s lung and abdomen has a higher liability for the initial attack. The cancer cells multiplication may result in significant changes in the chest cavity. Thus, it may prove to be the most dangerous for the respiratory system.
In simple words, Mesothelioma is a form of lung cancer caused due to exposure to Asbestos. The name ?Mesothelioma? is significant of Mesothelial cells, which are am important aspect of the body system. these cells are extremely important for the immune system of the body. Thus, Mesothelioma cancer generally affects the immunity in the body. Mesothelioma shows late symptoms.
Therefore, most of Mesothelioma cases go undetected. one can understand the seriousness of this particular disease only when he/she comes to know about the life expectancy of the person suffering from this particular disease. The life expectancy of Mesothelioma cancer patients is quite alarming for a normal person.
The probability of this disease is high in people ageing more than 40. Malignant Mesothelioma condition reduces the life period of a normal person. Patients suffering from Malignant Mesothelioma live an average period of only less than two years. There are even researches that prove that the number of people suffering from Mesothelioma cancer is going to rise rapidly in the near future. This cancer only affects the Mesothelial tissue in the delicate lining of lungs and other respiratory organs. This type of Mesothelioma is the malignant Mesothelioma.
Another form of Mesothelioma cancer affects the pleura, which is the portion between the lungs and chest. This type of cancer is pleural mesothelioma. however, the reason for this cancer is not always compulsorily, asbestos. Scientific planning is necessary to achieve compensation that is legal financial help in terms of cancer analysis.
If the disease has occurred from asbestos exposure, then asbestos may spread from the person, who initially inhaled asbestos to the healthy person he/she may come in contact. The last type of Mesothelioma cancer is the pericardial Mesothelioma, which affects the heart lining.
We?ve read mixed reports about how lofty gold and silver prices are affecting demand in India. One month we?re told demand is up, and the next it?s supposedly down. I?m not suggesting that official reports are inaccurate, but it is admittedly confusing and doesn?t help us understand the real trend in the country.
Why should we care about the gold market in India? Well, let?s face it; the nation is one of the biggest consumers of the metal, a major driver that can give us hints about demand and investment trends, along with what to perhaps eventually expect here in North America. But reading third-party reports about India is very different than getting information firsthand from a credible source in the country. I wanted to get to the bottom of what?s really going on in India by talking to a reputable bullion dealer who could give me the inside scoop, an up-to-the-moment dispatch from the front lines, as it were. So I did just that.
Ashish and Rashmi Sand own Savio Jewellery (Savio means ?shine? in Italian), a design studio and jewelry factory in Jaipur, India. They?ve received many design and manufacturing awards since starting their business six years ago, winning five awards in just the past six months. They source gold from bullion agents in Jaipur, who in turn obtain it from dealers in Hong Kong, Dubai, Mumbai, and Delhi. They have industry contacts, friends, and relatives that span the globe, from the US and UK to Asia and Australia. If anybody knows what?s happening in the physical gold and silver bullion markets and the Indian jewelry market, it?s them.
In this exclusive interview, you can read what Ashish and Rashmi told me about unstoppable demand, growing silver interest, budding demand for coins and bars, reduced selling, shifting trends with women, burgeoning ETFs, and why they believe a bubble is headed our way?
Jeff Clark: Ashish, tell us about your manufacturing facility and design studio.
Ashish: Savio Jewellery makes conceptual jewelry, which can be worn in five or six different ways. It looks ?heavy? but is extremely lightweight. It?s also affordable.
We design what you want, for as much as you want to spend. For instance, one of my customers wanted a necklace and earring set for her daughter?s wedding; based on their budget, we were able to manufacture a set using 35 grams of gold [about 1.2 ounces].
Jeff: Do you have any difficulties sourcing metal?
Ashish: We don?t face any difficulties in arranging gold, whether demand is high or low, because the traders hedge gold on daily basis. We also keep a reserve of gold so that our manufacturing doesn?t slow down if metal isn?t immediately available. Our suppliers of gold don?t face any problem procuring gold, either.
Jeff: How would you describe demand for gold right now in India?
Ashish: We are seeing several shifts in the trends for gold demand. First, even with the increase in price, demand is still strong. People have not stopped buying. Part of this is cultural; wearing gold jewelry in a wedding is a longstanding custom in India and will not change regardless of price.
In fact, our shops are experiencing increased buying in spite of higher prices. Previously we would have one or two customers per day for gold, but now we have five or six. We are getting plenty of new customers, and see new customers more frequently now.
Second, I would say that awareness among customers has increased. Now they see jewelry also as an investment and want a proper return on their investment. Further, due to fluctuations in price, they may book in advance ? i.e., if a customer orders a jewelry product, they lock in the gold price ahead of time.
Probably the biggest change we face, though, is that customers are more focused on getting lightweight jewelry, or 14-carat gold instead of 18-carat gold. This is due to the high gold price. This adjustment, however, has not affected the desire to own gold.
The bottom line is that the rise in the gold price has not hampered demand.
Jeff: Are Indians investing more in bullion (bars and coins) than usual?
Ashish: Indians are definitely investing more in bullion due to the rising trend in gold and silver prices. Investing in gold and silver has always been a good idea for wealth protection to Indians, and now we are seeing them buy more coins and bars than they used to. Coins and bars are mainly purchased either in wedding season or during the Diwali festival. Even I purchase gold coins every Diwali ? 10 grams, 20 grams, or any amount.
Another factor is that India has experienced many monsoons over the last two years, and the farmers are tending to invest their savings in gold and silver. This is a major factor for the increase in demand for coins and bars.
Jeff: Is much reselling taking place right now? Is it higher or lower than it used to be?
Ashish: Reselling gold has become rare ? and this from a country that consumes more gold than any other and where gold jewelry is a central part of the culture. We rarely have customers who sell back their gold or silver. Before we used to have customers who would sell their scrap gold and make new jewelry from it, but now we don?t experience many such customers. I would estimate we currently have 90% buyers and 10% sellers, and before the ratio was 80% buyers and 20% sellers.
They?re not selling, because they hope that in the next few years the price will rise further and they can get better returns than what they can at present. Just a few years ago, some customers would buy gold expecting to sell when the price rose; now those customers are sure gold will keep rising year after year and are selling only rarely.
Jeff: We?ve read about an increased interest in silver in India ? tell us what you see.
Ashish: Silver demand has increased sharply in recent years, as increasing numbers of investors use silver as a store of value. Customers are also buying silver to hedge against market losses. While global markets have been uncertain over the past four years, silver has provided huge returns and has been an ideal investment. Because silver has provided the highest recent return of all the commodities, this has attracted the average layman.
Silver demand has also increased for the customer for whom the gold price is out of reach. Nowadays, if they cannot afford gold, they switch to silver. So the number of customers requesting silver has increased.
Silver is also part of gift-giving in India. It is customary to give silver items as a wedding gift, and there are rituals where parents gift silver dinner sets to their daughters at their weddings. In addition to dinner sets, silver is usually found in jewelry, such as a necklace, earring, bracelet, or rings; gift items such as glass sets and crafted boxes; and even showpiece furniture.
Last, there is a steep rise in demand for silver in electronic goods.
Jeff: Rashmi, describe how Indian women view gold. And have you noticed any changes in how they view silver?
Rashmi: Gold and silver are firmly embedded in cultural and religious traditions for Indian women. Over the past decade, Diwali and Akshaya Tritiya have become major gold- and silver-buying occasions in India. Gold and silver also play an important role in the marriage ceremony, where brides are often adorned from head to toe in gold jewelry. This reminds me of my own wedding.
[Rashmi is wearing approximately 500 grams of pure gold (about 17.6 ounces), including a necklace, earring, a tika and matha patti on her head, haath phool in her hands, bangles on her wrists, nose ring, arm band (bajubandh), and finger rings.]
So during wedding season, the demand for gold and silver increases. Our women customers prefer lightweight jewelry instead of heavy and bulky ornaments. Increasingly, it also appears they now prefer workmanship over weight when choosing jewelry made from gold. The Indian custom of women wearing jewelry has not changed, though they have started accepting 14 carat gold in order to make it more pocketbook friendly. And people in India wear jewelry to all kinds of parties.
We have also experienced an increased number of women customers in our shop. They still buy gold and silver jewelry, but now they prefer jewelry that is of designer quality and looks good. This is the biggest change I have noticed with women over the past few years; they want jewelry that is unique. They prefer wearing long earrings ? danglers or hoops.
They also prefer multipurpose or conceptual jewelry ? in other words, jewelry that can be worn in different ways. This attracts the woman customer, as they think they have more jewelry for the same price.
There is a different culture in south India, where the people are more bound to gold jewelry than silver. The parents still focus on giving gold to their daughters for a wedding present. Each part of India has different customs, but the one thing that remains common is that gold jewelry is bought by everyone for weddings.
Jeff: Ashish, you?ve stated you are very bullish on the price of gold and silver, and that a bubble for prices is ahead; why?
Ashish: To be clear, we are extremely bullish on the price of silver and gold. We believe that both will eventually advance into a full-fledged bubble that will surpass most investors? wildest dreams.
The world is changing and so is the way we invest. Gold and silver were once considered a marginal investment, worn mostly as jewelry or something that was stored in banks. Now it is making a comeback and has become a primary investment asset for many individuals and institutions.
In India, people are very futuristic and are so bound to the culture that they?re buying gold and silver in advance. If they know that they are going to marry their daughter in three to four years, for example, they will purchase the gold now instead of waiting when prices will be higher. This will continue to underpin demand and push the price higher.
Jeff: Any other trends you see in India?
Ashish: From the average layman to the high-class educated person, they now want to invest in gold and silver. In fact, those who were investing in equities have been switching to gold and silver. Even the gold and silver ETF has become common in India. This is partly due to rising prices; keeping metal at home has become riskier, so they can avoid the risks of self-storage by using an ETF.
Even I have invested in gold and silver for my personal use apart from my business. Instead of buying equities, I now invest more in gold and silver, with the expectation of getting a good return.
I will conclude by just saying that based on what we see here every day, we believe gold and silver prices will continue to go up.
Jeff: Thanks, Ashish and Rashmi.
[For more on developing trends in gold and silver, download the free Casey Research 2012 Gold Investor's Guide. Reading it will help you refine your precious-metals investment strategy and increase your wealth.]
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The University Library seeks an innovative, highly-motivated Librarian to be responsible for the Educational Materials Center (EMC), with major responsibilities in library instruction and reference. The position will be responsible for developing, promoting and evaluating the EMC collections (K-12); the position also provides library instruction related to education and the EMC; coordinates library instruction in the summer during the absence of the Instruction Librarian; assists in the planning and provision of reference services. The Librarian serves as a member of the Reference, Collection Development and Instruction Workgroups.
A full job description is available at: http://www.uwstout.edu/content/lib/emc.pdf
Between work, home, and family responsibilities, women carry the weight of the world on their shoulders. There is an unspoken expectation that women should be able to get everything done, keep everyone happy and maintain balance in everything around them. As a woman, no matter how much you love your job and your family, there is no question that the demands of everyday life can be taxing, and a fun and relaxing weekend away with girlfriends is something every woman deserves.
A girls? weekend is a great way to relax, de-stress, and recharge. It is also the perfect opportunity to reconnect with girlfriends you may not get to see very often thanks to hectic and conflicting schedules. A weekend trip away from the stresses of work and home gives you the opportunity bond with one another, get problems off your chest, and, of course, have fun exploring a new environment.
As you begin the process of selecting a destination, consider Atlanta, Georgia as the perfect location for a girls? weekend of fun. With upscale shopping, dining, and world-famous attractions, it is an excellent city to explore with friends and get away from it all.
To really get the feel of downtown Atlanta hotel reservations at an elite boutique hotel in the heart of the city provides the perfect location. The right hotel choice will put you within walking distance of Atlanta?s best restaurants, shopping, and other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium and the Coca-Cola museum.
Not only is location important, but a boutique hotel in the city will combine comfort with world class elegance to enhance your girls? weekend away. After a day of fun out and about in Atlanta, you and your girlfriends will enjoy returning to the hotel for a one hour complimentary wine tasting each evening followed by dinner and drinks from balcony seating at an on-site, upscale restaurant overlooking Peachtree Street. As an added bonus for your girls? weekend, a ?women?s only? floor offers not only a private, secure entrance, but upgraded amenities such as fluffy slippers, hair appliances, and even a ?kiss cam? so you can say good morning and good night to loved ones back home each day.
As you prepare to make your hotel reservations Atlanta boutique hotels offer the perfect setting and upscale amenities for you and your girlfriends to enjoy the city and experience the comfort and sophistication you deserve.
The Rev. James J. Brennan enters the Criminal Justice Center, Monday, March 26, 2012, in Philadelphia. Brennan is charged with raping a 14-year-old boy in 1996. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)
The Rev. James J. Brennan enters the Criminal Justice Center, Monday, March 26, 2012, in Philadelphia. Brennan is charged with raping a 14-year-old boy in 1996. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)
Monsignor William Lynn arrives at the Criminal Justice Center, Monday, March 26, 2012, in Philadelphia. Lynn is the first Roman Catholic church official in the United States ever charged with child endangerment, for allegedly keeping co-defendants former priest Edward V. Avery and the Rev. James J. Brennan, and other accused predators, in ministry. (AP Photo/Joseph Kaczmarek)
The Rev. James J. Brennan, left, arrives in the Criminal Justice Center, Monday, March 26, 2012, in Philadelphia. Brennan is charged with raping a 14-year-old boy in 1996. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)
PHILADELPHIA (AP) ? Prosecutors say the Archdiocese of Philadelphia engaged in a long-standing criminal effort to protect sexual predator priests, putting the reputation of the church over the safety of children.
Assistant District Attorney Jacqueline Coehlo (coh-EHL'-oh) told a jury Monday during opening statements of a landmark trial against a priest and high-ranking church official that a decades-long conspiracy met victims with skepticism "at all cost."
Monday marked the beginning of prosecutors' case against Monsignor William Lynn and the Rev. James Brennan.
Lynn is the first U.S. church official charged in an administrative role with endangering children. Brennan is accused of raping a 14-year-old boy in 1996.
A defrocked priest who had been a co-defendant in the case pleaded guilty to sexual assault last week.
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Cheap Web Hosting question by Xtina: Where can I find cheap web hosting? I need to buy an inexpensive domain name for my business. It doesn?t need to have a whole lot of extra features and I?m not a whiz at site design so simple is great. However, I do need to be able to give customers a way to order products. Paypal is a must, credit and debit cards are preferable. Can anyone help me at all?? I really don?t know anything about this!
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March 23, 2012 at 9:10 amInstructional Communications Systems
Chief Justice Shirley S. Abrahamson thanks UW-Extension Instructional Communications Systems for assistance
UW-Extension?s Instructional Communications Systems (ICS) recently supported the Wisconsin Supreme Court to successfully host the court?s first-ever public hearing using videoconferencing. Members of the Court needed to receive testimony and feedback from peers in other states, as well as from a law professor and staff of federal rules advisory committees. They chose videoconferencing with ICS?s WisLine Video service to help accomplish their goals.
The hearing, about improving the court?s rule-making process, took place on March 5, 2012, and included video connections with six locations across the country. ICS coordinated with remote sites to schedule services, test equipment and provide desktop videoconference software for a site lacking compatible equipment. The preparation ensured smooth transitions as the court took testimony from each expert.
In recent letters, Chief Justice Shirley S. Abrahamson thanked ICS staff for their expertise and technical support allowing her and her colleagues to host the hearing, now archived on Wisconsin Eye at: http://bit.ly/GIUloC
?It was a terrific success because of your time and expertise,? Abrahamson wrote.
ICS Director Eddie Loo said that credit must be shared: ?ICS working in collaboration with the Department of Administration?s Division of State Facilities really made this work. We are proud that we could partner with DOA and share the resources of the University of Wisconsin to serve the Wisconsin Supreme Court. That is part of our mission to carry out the Wisconsin Idea.?
Located in The Pyle Center in Madison, ICS provides tele-collaborative distance education services for educational, governmental and nonprofit organizations in Wisconsin and beyond, helping them to connect whether in person or at a distance. For information, visit http://www.uwex.edu/ics/.
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Entry filed under: ICS, UW-Extension, Videoconferencing, WisLine. Tags: ICS, Instructional Communications Systems, multipoint videoconferences, University of Wisconsin-Extension, video bridging, videoconferencing, WisLine Video.
ScienceDaily (Mar. 23, 2012) ? The scale and significance of the 2010 WikiLeaks disclosures were overstated, according to new research. Analysis of the WikiLeaks debacle in the International Review of Administrative Sciences, published by SAGE on behalf of the Institute for Administrative Sciences (IIAS), serves to highlight four key reasons why radical transparency is hard to achieve, and why a technological fix alone will not achieve it.
Some regard the WikiLeaks disclosures of 2010 as evidence that conventional mechanisms for controlling government-held information are breaking down, heralding a new world of 'radical transparency'. However, Alasdair Roberts of Suffolk University Law School, Boston USA, argues that claims that old-style secrecy is over are an illusion, and that Wikileaks' advocates have overstated their scale and significance.
"They also overlook many ways in which the simple logic of radical transparency -- leak, publish, and wait for the inevitable outrage -can be defeated in practice," Roberts says.
WikiLeaks' aim is to challenge 'increasing authoritarian tendencies' in government and the growth of unaccountable corporate power. By the end of 2010, WikiLeaks and its editor in chief and founder, Julian Assange, were in the eye of a media storm, with few doubting the significance of the extensive leaked material. Yet Roberts suggests that the 2010 leaks actually revealed the obstacles to achievement of increased transparency, even in the digital age.
The leaks' sheer size in terms of volume of pages was cited as proof of their significance -- these were the largest set of confidential documents ever leaked to the public. Yet in quantitative terms, the data's significance as a fraction of the total number of confidential documents is no greater than previous leaks during other eras. The sheer quantity of this type of data held by governments is constantly increasing.
On the Internet, commercial and political considerations compromise the free flow of information, just as they did when we relied on earlier communications technologies. When WikiLeaks released US State Department cables in November 2010, several companies that Wikileaks used, including Amazon Web Services,?EveryDNS.net PayPal and Apple, cut off their services, citing contractual violations or threats to their own businesses that would hinder other customers. This complicated WikiLeaks' ability to distribute leaked information, and damaged it financially.
The radical transparency vision has a further difficulty, in that it neglects the significance of intermediation -- organizing, interpreting, and drawing attention to information. Skilled in the use of information technology, WikiLeaks' members were nonetheless daunted by the task of handling bulk data leaked from the Defence Department. WikiLeaks released a series of US military counterinsurgency manuals in 2008, anticipating a strong reaction and press attention. In reality it garnered little reaction because the material was too complex, and there was no clear story to grasp.
Wikileaks subsequently turned to a number of major media outlets to help with handling information releases. However, this also meant that the media became gatekeepers for the information, taking their own decisions regarding which content should be published, and what was newsworthy or what they had the budget to investigate.
Wikileaks expected its leaks to spark outrage, shifting public opinion. But the American public, in general, did not react with the expected level of outrage: perceptions about the conduct of the war in Afghanistan actually improved after WikiLeaks' July 2010 disclosures.
Roberts observes that: "The incidents revealed by WikiLeaks might not even be construed as abuses of power at all. On the contrary, they might provide reassurance that the American government is willing to act ruthlessly in the pursuit of American interests, and that it actually has the capacity to act ruthlessly."
The final difficulty with the vision of radical transparency is that it assumes a passive government reaction. In fact, governments have shown they can respond to such threats with "speed and brutality." US Army private Bradley Manning, the apparent source of all four of the 2010 leaks, has taken the hardest fall. US federal agencies have responded to the leaks by tightening administrative controls on access to sensitive information. Even if government officials lost control of the information itself, they have not lost their capacity to shape its interpretation.
"There is no such thing, even in the age of the Internet, as the instantaneous and complete revelation of the truth. In its undigested form, information has no transformative power at all," Roberts says. "Raw data must be distilled; the attention of a distracted audience must be captured; and that audience must accept the message that is put before it."
Roberts is a proponent of stronger accountability and increased transparency, for diplomatic and national security institutions. However, he concludes that this will require hard work, rather than a technological fix. "A major difficulty with the WikiLeaks project is that it may delude us into believing otherwise," he concludes.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by SAGE Publications, via AlphaGalileo.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Alasdair Roberts. WikiLeaks: the illusion of transparency. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 23 March 2012
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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ScienceDaily (Mar. 22, 2012) ? A new paper by researchers from the University of Georgia and Princeton University sheds light on the critical part played by a little-studied element, molybdenum, in the nutrient cycles of tropical forests. Understanding the role of molybdenum may help scientists more accurately predict how tropical forests will respond to climate change.
The findings were published March 21 in the journal PLoS ONE.
Nutrient cycles track the movement of essential nutrients as they loop through the environment, into plants and animals and back into the environment. One of the most important of these nutrients is nitrogen.
"The main way that new nitrogen is added to an ecosystem is through a process called nitrogen fixation," said Nina Wurzburger, assistant professor in the UGA Odum School of Ecology and the paper's lead author. "Bacteria in the soil can pull nitrogen out of the atmosphere and convert it into a form available for themselves and for plants. They do this by creating an enzyme called nitrogenase."
For years, it was assumed that the element phosphorus was the key ingredient bacteria in the soil needed to make this enzyme work. Now Wurzburger and her colleagues Jean Philippe Bellenger, Anne M.L. Kraepiel and Lars O. Hedin of Princeton University have found that although phosphorus is indeed important to the process, another element-molybdenum-is also crucial.
"Our results were quite unexpected," said Hedin, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology. "We discovered that the trace element molybdenum often was the limiting nutrient, not phosphorus, as most theories would predict."
An earlier study by Princeton researchers revealed that molybdenum might play a previously unsuspected role in nitrogen fixation in tropical forest ecosystems. The researchers wanted to learn more. Working in lowland Panama, they conducted experiments at six forest sites that had similar climates and plant species but differed in the amount of phosphorus in the soil.
"It was fortuitous that we came across this naturally occurring phosphorus gradient," Wurzburger said. "The only difference between the sites is the geology, so we had a natural range of soil phosphorus levels-from high to low."
All the sites had a similar low level of molybdenum.
The researchers took a set of soil samples from each site and treated them by adding phosphorus, molybdenum or a combination of both. They then measured the response of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil.
They expected that nitrogen fixation would increase in phosphorus-rich soils when they added molybdenum and in phosphorus-poor soils when they added phosphorus, but that was not the case.
While the phosphorus-rich soils responded as predicted, the phosphorus-poor soils did not. In phosphorus-poor soils, nitrogen fixation did not increase with the addition of phosphorus alone-or, for that matter, molybdenum alone-but only responded when both phosphorus and molybdenum were added together.
"The most surprising result of our work is that phosphorus by itself is not the major constraint we've thought it to be," Wurzburger said. "This is particularly surprising for tropical forests where the highly weathered soils are thought to be poor in phosphorus."
The reason for this response, the researchers found, was that molybdenum and phosphorus behave very differently with organic matter in soil. While much of the phosphorus in soil is in a form that plants can use, much of the molybdenum-one of the least abundant of the elements essential to plants-is not.
"The chemistry of the leaf litter seems to lock up the molybdenum and make it unavailable to bacteria," Wurzburger said. "Therefore, no matter how abundant or poor phosphorus is in the environment, it's molybdenum that seems to present a consistent constraint for nitrogen-fixing bacteria."
The researchers are continuing to pursue their understanding of how this relatively obscure element interacts with other nutrient cycles.
"One big question is how this might apply to other ecosystems such as temperate or boreal forests," Wurzburger said. "We just don't know how important molybdenum might be. I want to know whether these findings relate to these systems too."
The answers to these questions may have widespread implications. "Tropical forests regulate the Earth's climate system," Wurzburger said. "They sequester a large amount of carbon through photosynthesis. Climate models predict that tropical forests may respond to elevated levels of carbon dioxide by sequestering even more carbon, but their ability to do this may be constrained by nitrogen. Since molybdenum constrains nitrogen fixation, it might also determine how much carbon tropical forests can sequester. We really need to know more."
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Georgia.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Wurzburger N, Bellenger JP, Kraepiel AML, Hedin LO. Molybdenum and Phosphorus Interact to Constrain Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Forests. PLoS ONE, 2012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033710
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Income tax rates with respect to the assessment year 2012-2013
Mar. 20 ? In respect to income of all categories of assessees accountable for tax during the assessment year 2012-13, the rates of income tax have been specified in Part I of the First Schedule to the Bill. These are the same as those laid down in Part III of the First Schedule to the Finance Act (2011) for the purposes of computing ?advance tax,? deduction of tax at source from ?salaries,? and charging of tax payable in certain cases.
Surcharges on income-tax Surcharges shall be charged with respect to income accountable to tax for the assessment year 2012-13 in the following cases:
In the case of an Indian national having total income exceeding 1 crore rupees, the amount of income tax calculated shall be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union calculated at the rate of 5 percent of such income tax
In the case of a company, other than a domestic company, having total income exceeding 1 crore rupees, the amount of income tax computed shall be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union calculated at the rate of 2 percent of such income tax
Though, marginal respite shall be allowed in all cases to ensure that the additional amount of income tax payable, including surcharge, on the excess of income over 1 crore rupees is limited to the amount by which the income is more than 1 crore rupees.
Moreover, in the case of every company having total income taxable under section 115JB of the Income Tax Act (1961) and where such income exceeds 1 crore rupees, surcharge at the rates mentioned above shall be levied and marginal relief shall also be provided.
Education Cess For assessment year 2012-2013, an additional surcharge called the ?Education Cess on Income Tax? and ?Secondary and Higher Education Cess on Income Tax? shall continue to be levied at the rate of 2 percent and 1 percent, respectively, on the amount of tax computed, inclusive of surcharge, in all cases. No marginal relief shall be available.
Rates for deduction of income tax at source The rates for deduction of income-tax at source from ?salaries? during the financial year 2012-13 and also for computation of ?advance tax? payable during the said year in the case of all categories of assessees have been specified in Part III of the First Schedule to the Bill.
These rates are also applicable for charging income-tax during the financial year 2012-13 on current incomes in cases where accelerated assessments have to be made, for instance, provisional assessment of shipping profits arising in India to non-residents, assessment of persons leaving India for good during the financial year, assessment of persons who are likely to transfer property to avoid tax, assessment of bodies formed for a short duration.
The salient features of the rates specified in Part III are indicated in the following paragraphs. Paragraph A, Part III of the First Schedule to the Bill provides the following income tax rates:
The rates of income-tax in the case of every individual (other than those mentioned in table 2 or table 3 below), Hindu undivided family, association of persons, body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, or every artificial juridical person referred to in Sub-clause (vii) of Clause 31 of Section 2 of the Income-tax Act (not being a case to which any other Paragraph of Part III applies) are outlined in table 1 below.
No surcharge shall be charged in cases of persons covered under Paragraph A, Part III of the First Schedule.
Cooperative societies These rates will continue to be the same as those specified for the assessment year 2012-13. No surcharge shall be levied.
Firms This rate will continue to be the same as that specified for the assessment year 2012-13. No surcharge shall be levied.
Local authorities This rate will continue to be the same as that specified for the assessment year 2012-13. No surcharge shall be levied.
Companies These rates are the same as those specified for the assessment year 2012-13.
The existing surcharge of 5 percent in case of a domestic company shall continue to be charged. In case of companies other than domestic companies, the existing surcharge of 2 percent shall continue to be levied.
On the other hand, the total amounts payable as income tax and surcharge on total income exceeding 1 crore rupees shall not exceed the total amount payable as income tax on a total income of 1 crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds 1 crore rupees.
The existing surcharge of 5 percent in all other cases (including sections 115JB, 115-O, 115R) shall continue to be levied.
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WASHINGTON (AP) ? Picking up the pace, President Barack Obama raised $45 million for his re-election bid in February, bringing his total to about $300 million for this election cycle, his campaign said Monday.
Obama stepped up fundraising efforts during the month, collecting nearly twice as much as the $23 million per month average he raised during the final three months of 2011 and more than the $29.1 million he raised in January. The money was spread among Obama's campaign, the Democratic party and two campaign funds.
Obama's campaign said nearly 350,000 people contributed in February and the average donation was about $59 for the entire election cycle. Nearly 98 percent of the donations were $250 or less.
With Republicans locked in an extended primary campaign, Obama's team has tried to build a large 50-state operation that will help it register new voters, bring back past supporters and boost turnout. Obama's campaign had about $75 million in the bank through the end of January and totals for February were not immediately available.
Campaign officials have implored its supporters to donate money and get involved, pointing to Republican-leaning super PACs expected to raise hundreds of millions of dollars to defeat the president. Obama's campaign said earlier this year that it would bless big-money super PACs supporting Democrats as a way of countering the Republican effort.
In an email to donors last week, campaign manager Jim Messina cited a poll showing Obama trailing against Republican Mitt Romney and asked them to get involved.
"We're looking at a race that will be tighter than you think. And the other side has groups ready to spend hundreds of millions of dollars to tear down President Obama," Messina said.
Underscoring the urgency, Obama's totals for February fell short of the $56 million he raised in February 2008, when he was seeking the Democratic nomination against Hillary Rodham Clinton. Republicans said it was a sign of tepid support.
Kirsten Kukowski, a Republican National Committee spokeswoman, said Obama was "having a hard time convincing voters he deserves another term" following three years of "record debt, high unemployment, and soaring gas prices and healthcare costs."
Obama has boosted fundraising efforts in recent weeks, holding events last month in Miami, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle. Last week, Obama raised money in Chicago and Atlanta.
The fundraising reports were being filed ahead of a Tuesday campaign finance deadline for presidential campaigns.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) ? Embattled San Francisco Sheriff Ross Mirkarimi faces sentenced for false imprisonment in a closely watched domestic violence case involving his Venezuelan actress wife, in a dramatic saga that has gripped his city for nearly three months.
The sentencing Monday for the misdemeanor comes a week after he pleaded guilty as part of a plea deal with prosecutors to likely avoid embarrassing testimony and jurors possibly seeing a video of his wife, Eliana Lopez, tearfully discussing the alleged incident during a trial.
However, District Attorney George Gascon has expressed concern that he's not convinced Mirkarimi really believes he is guilty of the crime.
Under the agreement, Mirkarimi will pay a $400 fine, receive three years of probation, a mandatory year in a domestic violence intervention program, community service and counseling.
He was initially charged with misdemeanor domestic violence battery, child endangerment and dissuading a witness. He could have faced a year in prison if convicted of those charges.
"For the last two months, this case has caused my family, my department ?the Sheriff's Department ? and this city, great turmoil, pain and disappointment," Mirkarimi told reporters last week. "This plea allows us to move forward.
"As I have, and I intend to return to the business of running one of the finest sheriff's departments in the nation, of mending my family and raising my son, Theo, in a safe and happy home."
But Gascon told the San Francisco Chronicle's editorial board late last week that statements Mirkarimi has made to reporters about his mounting legal bills ? $125,000 and counting ? along with intense media coverage had been taking a toll on his family and was a considerable factor to take the plea deal.
Mirkarimi originally asked for a speedy trial.
"There is a guilty plea here, and I know there's almost an attempt to deny that this has occurred: 'I didn't really do this.' 'I'm being forced to do this.' That's very concerning to me, to be very honest with you," Gascon told the newspaper.
Mirkarimi's attorney, Lidia Stiglich, said her client has unconditionally accepted responsibility for the incident.
Prosecutors say Mirkarimi, 50, bruised the arm of Lopez, 36, during an argument in front of their toddler son at their San Francisco home on New Year's Eve.
The next day, Lopez told her neighbor, Ivory Madision, who recorded a video in which Lopez, a former telenovela star, tearfully describes the alleged incident and a bruise on her right bicep.
Lopez's lawyers argued to no avail that the video should be withdrawn as evidence because she thought Madison was a lawyer and it was made under the assumption of attorney-client privilege. Madison graduated from law school, but is not a licensed attorney.
Anti-domestic violence advocates are calling for Mayor Ed Lee and the board of supervisors to remove Mirkarimi, a former supervisor, from office.
"This is a national embarrassment," Kathy Black, executive director of the nonprofit La Casa de las Madres, said about Mirkarimi. "I don't see how he can 'move forward' without first taking real responsibility."
NORMAL ? Michelle Duggar doesn?t explain to be a veteran parent, though a mom of 19 had copiousness of recommendation for some-more than 3,000 moms during Friday?s opening of a Hearts during Home Conference during Illinois State University.
?I wish to inspire moms like others speedy me,? Duggar pronounced during a mangle between discussion sessions during Braden Auditorium.
Describing parenting as a ?journey,? she and her husband, Jim Bob, common what they have schooled along a approach during their corner keynote residence and a ?Practical Parenting Tips? workshop. The seminar speedy mothers by giving them a glance into what isn?t shown on a couple?s weekly TLC existence show, ?19 Kids and Counting.?
?You unequivocally can?t eat off a floor,? pronounced Michelle Duggar, describing how breakfast cereal mostly hardens on a floor. ?The existence of life is we are a large family that creates large messes.?
And, while their children might seem to always get along on their show, they do disagree and bicker, she said, adding there have been days when she felt she ?refereed all day long.? The Duggars stressed ?getting along? early, speedy their children to consider about how others feel and compulsory them to apologize to any other.
The investment has paid off, Michelle Duggar said.
?The comparison ones are best friends since of a years we spent operative with them when they are young,? she said.
It was Michelle Duggar?s story about how she motionless to always pronounce in a soothing voice that tender first-time attendee Cindy Penn, who trafficked from Collierville, Tenn., to hear a integrate speak.
?I adore a fact that she chose self-control,? pronounced Penn, a mom of four. ?It inspires we to keep operative and not give up.?
Hearts during Home CEO Jill Savage pronounced articulate about a spectrum of mothering moments ? from a overwhelming to a frustrating ? helps moms feel they are normal.
?All moms have a same needs,? pronounced Savage, who remarkable a organization, once targeted during stay-at-home moms, now strives to strech all mothers.
It?s a tie to other moms that desirous Crista Albertson of Alpharetta, Ga., to classify a organisation of 13 friends and family members to attend Friday?s conference.
?We are all going by trials. we don?t feel alone,? pronounced Albertson, a mom of 4 who has attended all though dual of Hearts during Home conferences in a past 15 years.
While moms share needs, so do children. Michelle Duggar pronounced she hoped moms would take home one really critical lesson.
?Love your kids, since they grow adult so fast,? she said.
The discussion continues Saturday on a ISU campus.
Plan a Girls Weekend in Atlanta
